View source for Archive:000/Draft:Lithium-ion batteries/Minerals

<!-- Statista -->
{{dp|ev.nickel|28.9 kg|Amount of nickel in an average electric vehicle battery |Source: Statista <ref name="s1" />}}
{{dp|ev.cobalt| 7.7 kg|Amount of cobalt in an average electric vehicle battery |Source: Statista <ref name="s1" />}}
{{dp|ev.lithium|5.9 kg|Amount of lithium in an average electric vehicle battery|Source: Statista <ref name="s1" />}}
{{dp|ev.battery|60 kWh|Battery capacity of an average electric vehicle         |Source: Statista <ref name="s1" />}}

<!-- USGS -->
{{dp|cobalt.reserves|11 million tonnes
|Cobalt metal: mineral reserves, world total
|Source: USGS <ref name="usgs" />
}}
{{dp|cobalt.land_resources|25 million tonnes
|Cobalt metal: terrestrial resources identified, world total
|Source: USGS <ref name="usgs" />
}}
{{dp|cobalt.ocean_resources|120 million tonnes
|Cobalt metal: resources identified in polymetallic nodules and crusts on the floor of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans.
|Source: USGS <ref name="usgs" />
}}
{{dp|cobalt.mine_production|230000 tonnes/year
|Cobalt metal: production from mining, world total
|Source: USGS <ref name="usgs" />
<br />Data from 2023. Significantly higher than in 2022 (197000 tonnes/year).
}}

{{dp|copper.reserves|1 billion tonnes
|Copper metal: mineral reserves, world total
|Source: USGS <ref name="usgs" />
}}
{{dp|copper.resources|2.1 billion tonnes
|Copper metal: identified mineral ''resources'', world total
|Source: USGS <ref name="usgs" />
}}
{{dp|copper.mine_production|22 million tonnes/year
|Copper metal: production from mining, world total
|Source: USGS <ref name="usgs" />
<br />Data from 2023
}}
{{dp|copper.refinery_production|27 million tonnes/year
|Copper metal: production including from scrap, world total
|Source: USGS <ref name="usgs" />
<br />Data from 2023
}}

{{dp|lithium.reserves|28 million tonnes
|Lithium metal: mineral reserves, world total
|Source: USGS <ref name="usgs" />
}}
{{dp|lithium.resources|105 million tonnes
|Lithium metal: Estimated ''resources'', world total
|Source: USGS <ref name="usgs" />
}}
{{dp|lithium.mine_production|180000 tonnes/year
|Lithium metal: production from mining, world total
|Source: USGS <ref name="usgs" />
<br />Data from 2023. Significantly higher than in 2022 (146000 tonnes/year).
}}

{{dp|nickel.reserves|130 million tonnes
|Nickel metal: mineral reserves, world total
|Source: USGS <ref name="usgs" />
}}
{{dp|nickel.resources|350 million tonnes
|Estimated nickel ''resources'', world total
|Source: USGS <ref name="usgs" />
}}
{{dp|nickel.mine_production|3.6 million tonnes/year
|Nickel metal: production from mining, world total
|Source: USGS <ref name="usgs" />
<br />Data from 2023
}}

<!-- Other sources -->
{{dp|world.cars|1.44 billion|Number of cars in the world|Includes vans and small trucks, but not semi trucks. Data from 2023. Source: TODO}}
{{dp|world.semi_trucks|50 million|Number of semi trucks in the world|Data from 2023. Source: TODO<br /><br />A semi truck (also known as a freight truck) is used for transporting goods, and it is far larger than a typical road vehicle.}}
{{dp|tesla_semi.battery|1000 kWh|Battery capacity of a Tesla Semi, model ___| Source: TODO}}
{{dp|li_ion.energy_by_mass|163 watt hours per kilogram
|Specific energy of a lithium-ion battery
|https://www.cei.washington.edu/education/science-of-solar/battery-technology/
The article provides a range of values: 100 to 265 Wh/kg
<br />We take the geometric average: 163 Wh/kg
<!-- TALK: is this source too old? find something newer? -->
}}

<!-- Derived -->
{{dp|ev.battery.mass|ev.battery / li_ion.energy_by_mass
|Mass of a typical EV battery (car or van, not a commercial vehicle)
|Calculated from other datapoints
}}
{{dp|ev_semi.cobalt|ev.cobalt / ev.battery * tesla_semi.battery
|Amount of cobalt metal in a typical electric semi truck
|Calculated from other datapoints, based on the Tesla Semi (one of the few electric semi trucks on the market today/2024).
}}
{{dp|ev_semi.lithium|ev.lithium / ev.battery * tesla_semi.battery
|Amount of lithium metal in a typical electric semi truck
|Calculated from other datapoints, based on the Tesla Semi (one of the few electric semi trucks on the market today/2024).
}}
{{dp|ev_semi.nickel|ev.nickel / ev.battery * tesla_semi.battery
|Amount of nickel metal in a typical electric semi truck
|Calculated from other datapoints, based on the Tesla Semi (one of the few electric semi trucks on the market today/2024).
}}

<!-- Calculations -->
{{calc
|ev.cobalt * world.cars + world.semi_trucks * ev_semi.cobalt
|% cobalt.reserves
}}
{{calc
|ev.lithium * world.cars + world.semi_trucks * ev_semi.lithium
|% lithium.reserves
}}
{{calc
|ev.nickel * world.cars + world.semi_trucks * ev_semi.nickel
|% nickel.reserves
}}
{{pn|TODO: Copper}}

{{pn|TALK: What about buses? And any other large vehicles this calculation missed?}}

{{calc
|ev.cobalt
|% ev.battery.mass
||Tesla boasts that their batteries have "only" 3% cobalt, but that's actually ''worse'' than the '''status quo average:'''
<!--|The average EV has less cobalt{{x|per battery mass}} than a Tesla, but still too much.-->
}}
<!-- TODO: redo this as follows:
3% tesla_model_whatever_they_said_was_3_percent_cobalt.battery.mass
ev.cobalt
-->

==References==
<references>
<ref name="usgs">
[https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/mcs2024 United States Geological Survey (USGS) Mineral Commodity Summaries 2024]
<br />https://doi.org/10.3133/mcs2024
{{minor|Even though the publication is U.S.-based, it provides data regarding the '''entire world''''s minerals.}}
</ref>
<ref name="s1">
[https://www.statista.com/statistics/1247675/weight-of-metal-in-lithium-ion-batteries/ Weight of metals in lithium-ion EV batteries 2020 - Statista]
{{minor|Even though the full data is behind a paywall, the summary is available:}}
"In 2020, an average lithium-ion battery contained around '''28.9''' kilograms of nickel, '''7.7''' kilogram of cobalt, and '''5.9''' kilogram of '''lithium'''. [...] Based on the average battery composition in 2020 with '''60 kWh''' capacity."
</ref>
</references>