Archive:000/Responses - Revision history

Elie: Elie moved page Responses to Archive:000/Responses without leaving a redirect: Huge_refactor

2024-10-26T20:30:08Z

Elie moved page Responses to Archive:000/Responses without leaving a redirect: Huge_refactor

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Elie: /* Energy-related */

2022-08-09T06:18:40Z

Energy-related

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:18, 9 August 2022
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	===Response to===		===Response to===
	Du, HL., Chatti, M., Hodgetts, R.Y. et al. Electroreduction of nitrogen at almost 100% current-to-ammonia efficiency. Nature (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05108-y		<small> Du, HL., Chatti, M., Hodgetts, R.Y. et al. Electroreduction of nitrogen at almost 100% current-to-ammonia efficiency. Nature (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05108-y
	https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05108-y		https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05108-y </small>


	This could be a breakthrough for [[fertilizer]]. Electricity could convert nitrogen gas (N<sub>2</sub>) to [[ammonia]] (NH<sub>3</sub>) at nearly 100% efficiency - unlike any previous attempts. Lithium is a catalyst for the reaction.		This could be a breakthrough for [[fertilizer]]. Electricity could convert nitrogen gas (N<sub>2</sub>) to [[ammonia]] (NH<sub>3</sub>) at nearly 100% efficiency - unlike any previous attempts. Lithium is a catalyst for the reaction.

	~~'''Questions left to answer:'''~~		====Best case scenario====

	~~The hydrogen atoms can come from water, I assume? Or does it require [[hydrogen gas]] as an input?~~

	~~How much lithium would be needed (per unit of ammonia output rate)?~~
	* Some clues: the article mentions "stabilised ammonia yield rates of 150±20 nmol s-1 cm-2" but that's per unit of electrode surface area. The lithium is in the electrolyte, not the electrodes.

	~~What would be the lifespan of the system? How would it eventually wear out? At that point, how hard would it be to re-use the lithium in new construction of the same system?~~

	~~Are there any other catalysts involved? Do the electrodes have to be made of rare metals, for example? How expensive are all the reagents involved (per unit of ammonia output rate)?~~

	~~'''~~Best case scenario~~:'''~~

	~~Farmers could produce all their ammonia fertilizer locally, powered by [[solar panels]]. The amount of land needed for solar panels would be quite low:~~

	~~(This estimate assumes the chemistry equation~~: ~~6 H<sub>2</sub>O + 2 N<sub>2</sub> → 4 NH<sub>3</sub> + 3 O<sub>2</sub>)~~		Farmers could produce all their ammonia fertilizer locally, powered by [[solar panels]]. The solar panels would cover less than 0.01% of their farm land:

			<small>(This estimate assumes the chemistry equation: 6 H<sub>2</sub>O + 2 N<sub>2</sub> → 4 NH<sub>3</sub> + 3 O<sub>2</sub>)</small>
	{{dp		{{dp
	\|<nowiki>ammonia.production</nowiki>		\|<nowiki>ammonia.production</nowiki>
Line 71:		Line 58:
	\|<nowiki>% crop_land (sunlight_average solar_panel.efficiency)</nowiki>		\|<nowiki>% crop_land (sunlight_average solar_panel.efficiency)</nowiki>
	}}		}}
	~~In other words~~, ~~the average farmer could produce enough ammonia using solar panels on just 0.0087% of their farm land.~~		Or, in American units:
	{{calc		{{calc
	\|<nowiki> 0.0086897109		\|<nowiki> 0.0086897109
Line 77:		Line 64:
	\|<nowiki>square(feet) per acre</nowiki>		\|<nowiki>square(feet) per acre</nowiki>
	}}		}}

			====Questions left to answer====

			The hydrogen atoms can come from water, I assume? Or does the system require [[hydrogen gas]] as an input?

			How much lithium would be needed (per unit of ammonia output rate)?
			* Some clues: the article mentions "stabilised ammonia yield rates of 150±20 nmol s-1 cm-2" but that's per unit of electrode surface area. The lithium is in the electrolyte, not the electrodes.

			What would be the lifespan of the system? How would it eventually wear out? At that point, how hard would it be to re-use the lithium in new construction of the same system?

			Are there any other catalysts involved? Do the electrodes have to be made of rare metals, for example? How expensive are all the reagents involved (per unit of ammonia output rate)?

Elie: Created page with "==Energy-related== ===Response to=== Du, HL., Chatti, M., Hodgetts, R.Y. et al. Electroreduction of nitrogen at almost 100% current-to-ammonia efficiency. Nature (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05108-y https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05108-y This could be a breakthrough for fertilizer. Electricity could convert nitrogen gas (N₂) to ammonia (NH₃) at nearly 100% efficiency - unlike any previous attempts. Lithium is..."

2022-08-09T05:51:55Z

Created page with "==Energy-related== ===Response to=== Du, HL., Chatti, M., Hodgetts, R.Y. et al. Electroreduction of nitrogen at almost 100% current-to-ammonia efficiency. Nature (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05108-y https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05108-y This could be a breakthrough for fertilizer. Electricity could convert nitrogen gas (N2) to ammonia (NH3) at nearly 100% efficiency - unlike any previous attempts. Lithium is..."

New page

==[[Energy]]-related==

===Response to===
Du, HL., Chatti, M., Hodgetts, R.Y. et al. Electroreduction of nitrogen at almost 100% current-to-ammonia efficiency. Nature (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05108-y
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05108-y

This could be a breakthrough for [[fertilizer]]. Electricity could convert nitrogen gas (N2) to [[ammonia]] (NH3) at nearly 100% efficiency - unlike any previous attempts. Lithium is a catalyst for the reaction.

'''Questions left to answer:'''

The hydrogen atoms can come from water, I assume? Or does it require [[hydrogen gas]] as an input?

How much lithium would be needed (per unit of ammonia output rate)?
* Some clues: the article mentions "stabilised ammonia yield rates of 150±20 nmol s-1 cm-2" but that's per unit of electrode surface area. The lithium is in the electrolyte, not the electrodes.

What would be the lifespan of the system? How would it eventually wear out? At that point, how hard would it be to re-use the lithium in new construction of the same system?

Are there any other catalysts involved? Do the electrodes have to be made of rare metals, for example? How expensive are all the reagents involved (per unit of ammonia output rate)?

'''Best case scenario:'''

Farmers could produce all their ammonia fertilizer locally, powered by [[solar panels]]. The amount of land needed for solar panels would be quite low:

(This estimate assumes the chemistry equation: 6 H2O + 2 N2 → 4 NH3 + 3 O2)

{{dp
|<nowiki>ammonia.production</nowiki>
|<nowiki>150 million tonnes / year</nowiki>
|<nowiki>Global production of ammonia</nowiki>
|<nowiki>Ammonia production worldwide 2021 - Statista</nowiki> <nowiki>
www.statista.com › Chemicals & Resources › Chemical Industry</nowiki> <nowiki>
Using data from 2021</nowiki>
}}
{{dp
|<nowiki>ammonia.eof</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-46.190 kJ/mol</nowiki>
|<nowiki>Enthalpy of formation of NH3</nowiki>
|<nowiki>Molar Enthalpy of Formation of Various Substances - Ohio University</nowiki> <nowiki>
www.ohio.edu › thermo › property_tables › combustion › Enth_Formation</nowiki>
}}
{{dp
|<nowiki>water.eof</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-285.820 kJ/mol</nowiki>
|<nowiki>Enthalpy of formation of H2O</nowiki>
|<nowiki>Molar Enthalpy of Formation of Various Substances - Ohio University</nowiki> <nowiki>
www.ohio.edu › thermo › property_tables › combustion › Enth_Formation</nowiki>
}}
{{dp
|<nowiki>crop_land</nowiki>
|<nowiki>15000000 km^2</nowiki>
|<nowiki>Agricultural land used for growing crops - global total</nowiki>
|<nowiki></nowiki>
}}
{{dp
|<nowiki>sunlight_average</nowiki>
|<nowiki>200 watts per m^2</nowiki>
|<nowiki>Solar irradiance, averaged over a whole year INCLUDING nights, cloudy days, etc.</nowiki>
|<nowiki>Note: This varies by region.</nowiki> <nowiki>
https://www.newport.com/t/introduction-to-solar-radiation</nowiki> <nowiki>
http://www.ftexploring.com/solar-energy/insolation.htm</nowiki>
}}
{{dp
|<nowiki>solar_panel.efficiency</nowiki>
|<nowiki>17%</nowiki>
|<nowiki>Efficiency of an average solar panel</nowiki>
|<nowiki>Some solar panels are more efficient than this, but they tend to be expensive and contain more rare metals.</nowiki>
}}
{{calc
|<nowiki>ammonia.production * (4 ammonia.eof - 6 water.eof) / ((12 hydrogen + 6 oxygen + 4 nitrogen) g/mol)</nowiki>
|<nowiki>% crop_land (sunlight_average solar_panel.efficiency)</nowiki>
}}
In other words, the average farmer could produce enough ammonia using solar panels on just 0.0087% of their farm land.
{{calc
|<nowiki> 0.0086897109
%</nowiki>
|<nowiki>square(feet) per acre</nowiki>
}}