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So far we've looked at ''cars'' - but what about buses, trucks, planes, ships, etc? So far, there isn't a lot of data available. For these next estimates, we just have to assume that the ratios are ''similar enough''. | So far we've looked at ''cars'' - but what about buses, trucks, planes, ships, etc? So far, there isn't a lot of data available. For these next estimates, we just have to assume that the ratios are ''similar enough''. | ||
We ''do'' have data on how much energy the world currently uses for ''transportation'' {{ | We ''do'' have data on how much energy the world currently uses for ''transportation'' {{x|which we could also break into subcategories, but we won't right now, for simplicity sake}}. So if we apply the ratios from above: | ||
{{dp | {{dp | ||
|<nowiki>transport.energy</nowiki> | |<nowiki>transport.energy</nowiki> | ||
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==Manufacturing the vehicles== | ==Manufacturing the vehicles== | ||
Producing batteries is energy-intensive. That's one reason why electric vehicles are more expensive. '' | Producing batteries is energy-intensive. That's one reason why electric vehicles are more expensive. | ||
Quick estimate based on data on lithium-ion batteries: | |||
{{dp | |||
|<nowiki>li_ion.rq_energy</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>57 kWh per kWh</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>Energy required to manufacture a lithium-ion battery</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>Factory energy only. DOES NOT include the energy involved in mining the materials.</nowiki><br /><br /><nowiki> | |||
"Based on public data on two different Li-ion battery manufacturing facilities, and adjusted results from a previous study, the most reasonable assumptions for the energy usage for manufacturing Li-ion battery cells appears to be 50–65 kWh of electricity per kWh of battery capacity."</nowiki><br /><nowiki> | |||
Source:</nowiki><br /><nowiki> | |||
Energy use for GWh-scale lithium-ion battery production</nowiki><br /><nowiki> | |||
Institute of Physics - IOP Publishing</nowiki><br /><nowiki> | |||
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2515-7620/ab5e1e</nowiki><br /><nowiki> | |||
</nowiki> | |||
}} | |||
{{dp | |||
|<nowiki>ev.lifespan</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>8 years</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki></nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki></nowiki> | |||
}} | |||
{{calc | |||
|li_ion.rq_energy * ev.battery * world.cars * commercial_factor / ev.lifespan | |||
|terawatts | |||
}} | |||
For lack of better data, let's assume that this makes roughly the ''difference'' between manufacturing electric vehicles vs fossil fuel vehicles. This number would be added to the ''industrial'' section of [[energy demand]]. | |||
However, this estimate currently doesn't include the energy involved in ''extracting'' the minerals to make the battery - only the energy in manufacturing the battery. Mineral-related energy is probably quite high in the case of [[lithium-ion batteries]], especially for the cobalt.{{qn}} It would likely be much lower for [[sodium-ion batteries]] made from more abundant minerals.{{qn}} | |||
This page doesn't currently have data on energy to manufacture [[fuel cell vehicles]], yet.{{rn}} | |||
==Minerals== | ==Minerals== | ||
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===Hydrogen fuel cells=== | ===Hydrogen fuel cells=== | ||
Fuel cells need ''platinum-group metals'' (PGMs). Mineral reserves are sufficient but ''production'' is too low. Calculations are found here: [[Fuel cell vehicles#Rare minerals in the fuel cell]] | |||
==Recycling== | ==Recycling== | ||