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==Ongoing challenges== | ==Ongoing challenges== | ||
===The renewables approach {{light|(+ energy storage)}}=== | ===The renewables approach {{light|(+ energy storage)}}=== | ||
* [[Solar]] & [[wind power]] would have to be the main sources | * [[Solar]] & [[wind power]] would have to be the main sources (in most parts of the world). | ||
** Most people don't live near regions suitable for [[hydropower]] or [[geothermal power]]. {{talk|TODO: link to discussions about what regions they ''are'' suitable}} | |||
** [[Biofuels]] cause global [[hunger]] and [[deforestation]], unless only [[biomass waste]] is used (which is in [[How much biomass waste is there?|very limited supply]]). | |||
* Most solar panels today would probably be '''unsustainable''' or even impossible to scale up, due to having [[solar panel minerals|too many scarce minerals in them]]. | * Most solar panels today would probably be '''unsustainable''' or even impossible to scale up, due to having [[solar panel minerals|too many scarce minerals in them]]. | ||
** ''See discussion on'' [[solar panels made of abundant materials|alternatives to this]]. | ** ''See discussion on'' [[solar panels made of abundant materials|alternatives to this]]. | ||
* Batteries [[How much short-term energy storage for solar?|''might'' be scalable enough]] to smooth out the '''day/night''' cycle of solar. {{x|Best bet would be either [[sodium-ion]] or [[iron redox flow batteries]].}} | * Batteries [[How much short-term energy storage for solar?|''might'' be scalable enough]] to smooth out the '''day/night''' cycle of solar. {{x|Best bet would be either [[sodium-ion]] or [[iron redox flow batteries]].}} | ||
** But the '''seasonal''' fluctuations of wind & solar [[How much seasonal energy storage?|probably need ''far more'' energy storage capacity]]. | ** But the '''seasonal''' fluctuations of wind & solar [[How much seasonal energy storage?|probably need ''far more'' energy storage capacity]]. | ||
*** ''See discussion on'' [[What could provide enough seasonal energy storage?|other energy storage types and whether any could provide enough capacity]]. | *** ''See discussion on'' [[What could provide enough seasonal energy storage?|other energy storage types and whether any could provide enough capacity]]. | ||
More discussions: | More discussions: | ||
* [[Is there enough land to scale up wind power?]] (without causing significant ecological damage)? | * [[Is there enough land to scale up wind power?]] (without causing significant ecological damage)? | ||
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*** [[Sodium-ion batteries]] are made from abundant materials - they don't have any mineral-scarcity problem ([[Do we know for sure that sodium-ion batteries avoid mineral scarcity?|probably]]). But they hold even less of a charge than LFP. | *** [[Sodium-ion batteries]] are made from abundant materials - they don't have any mineral-scarcity problem ([[Do we know for sure that sodium-ion batteries avoid mineral scarcity?|probably]]). But they hold even less of a charge than LFP. | ||
**** Sodium-ion batteries are [[status quo of sodium-ion batteries|quite new to the market]] (in 2024), and the hope is that they'll become a lot cheaper than existing batteries. That way, [[short-range EVs|EVs could be cheap and durable]], with the only tradeoff being the lack of range.{{qn}} Probably still good enough for city/suburban living. | **** Sodium-ion batteries are [[status quo of sodium-ion batteries|quite new to the market]] (in 2024), and the hope is that they'll become a lot cheaper than existing batteries. That way, [[short-range EVs|EVs could be cheap and durable]], with the only tradeoff being the lack of range.{{qn}} Probably still good enough for city/suburban living. | ||
*** For '''buses''': LFP and sodium-ion are both perfectly fine. The {{p2|lower ''energy-per-weight''|i.e. the fact that more battery mass is needed to hold the same amount of electricity}} is not a problem, because buses need extra weight at the bottom anyway for stability. | *** For '''city buses''': LFP and sodium-ion are both perfectly fine. The {{p2|lower ''energy-per-weight''|i.e. the fact that more battery mass is needed to hold the same amount of electricity}} is not a problem, because buses need extra weight at the bottom anyway for stability. | ||
Actions/discussions: | Actions/discussions: | ||
* [[Next steps for sodium-ion batteries]] {{talk|Is it true that sodium-ion EVs are available in China already, and just not in North America? If sodium-ion batteries are on the market now, how does their cost compare to lithium-based batteries so far?}} | * [[Next steps for sodium-ion batteries]] {{talk|Is it true that sodium-ion EVs are available in China already, and just not in North America? If sodium-ion batteries are on the market now, how does their cost compare to lithium-based batteries so far?}} | ||
* [[How well are EV batteries recycled?]] | * [[How well are EV batteries recycled?]] | ||
====Hydrogen-powered vehicles==== | ====Hydrogen-powered vehicles==== | ||