Archive:000/The great battery challenge: Difference between revisions

m
Elie moved page The great battery challenge to Archive:000/The great battery challenge without leaving a redirect: Huge_refactor
No edit summary
m (Elie moved page The great battery challenge to Archive:000/The great battery challenge without leaving a redirect: Huge_refactor)
 
(5 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 11: Line 11:


===Quantitative===
===Quantitative===
Scale used: Estimated energy storage that would be needed if all vehicles were electric. {{p2|See why|It's a compromise between two considerations:<br /><br />- On one hand, we're going to need ''more'' than just vehicle batteries if [[solar]] and [[wind]] are main power sources. We'd also need on-grid energy storage.<br /><br />- On the other hand, battery tech won't be one-size-fits-all: it's possible to have a ''mix'' of battery tech (each with different mineral profiles) that could ''together'' meet 100% of all potential demand (full green energy scenario), even when no ''individual'' battery tech (within the mix) could meet the 100% on its own (limited by mineral reserves). Also, there are ways to reduce the need for vehicle energy storage ([[public transit]] and [[walkability]]).}}.
Scale used: Estimated energy storage that would be needed if all vehicles were electric. {{p2|See why|It's a compromise between a few considerations:<br /><br />- On one hand, we're going to need ''more'' than just vehicle batteries if [[solar]] and [[wind]] are main power sources. We'd also need on-grid energy storage. Also, the same minerals might also be needed for ''other'' things besides energy storage.<br /><br />- On the other hand, battery tech won't be one-size-fits-all: it's possible to have a ''mix'' of battery tech (each with different mineral profiles) that could ''together'' meet 100% of all potential demand (full green energy scenario), even when no ''individual'' battery tech (within the mix) could meet the 100% on its own (limited by mineral reserves). Also, there are ways to reduce the need for vehicle energy storage ([[public transit]] and [[walkability]]).}}.


{{dp
{{dp
Line 38: Line 38:


====Minerals====
====Minerals====
For each mineral, divide its ''global reserves'' by <tt>scale</tt>. This gives you a reasonable limit (in <tt>grams per kWh</tt>).
<!-- NOTE: If you try to edit ''only'' this section, the calculations won't work in "preview" mode. You need to click "edit" on the parent section "Quantitative" instead. -->
 
For each mineral, divide its ''global reserves'' by <tt>scale</tt>. This gives you a '''reasonable limit'''{{x|and if this limit seems too strict to be useful, then consider it to be a "soft limit" as it's based on mineral ''reserves''. The "hard limit" would be based on mineral ''resources''}}, in <tt>grams per kWh</tt> of battery capacity:
 
{{dp
|<nowiki>chromium.reserves</nowiki>
|<nowiki>570 million tonnes</nowiki>
|<nowiki>Global mineral reserves of chromium metal</nowiki>
|<nowiki>Chromium reserves worldwide by country 2021 - Statista</nowiki><br /><nowiki>
https://www.statista.com › statistics › reserves-of-...</nowiki><br /><nowiki>
</nowiki>
}}
{{calc
|chromium.reserves / scale
|grams per kWh
}}
 
{{dp
|<nowiki>cobalt.reserves</nowiki>
|<nowiki>7.1 million tonnes</nowiki>
|<nowiki>Cobalt metal: Total global mineral reserves</nowiki>
|<nowiki>https://www.statista.com/statistics/264930/global-cobalt-reserves/</nowiki>
}}
{{calc
|cobalt.reserves / scale
|grams per kWh
}}
 
{{dp
|<nowiki>copper.reserves</nowiki>
|<nowiki>870 million tonnes</nowiki>
|<nowiki>Global mineral reserves of copper metal</nowiki>
|<nowiki>USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2021</nowiki>
}}
{{calc
|copper.reserves / scale
|grams per kWh
}}
 
{{dp
|<nowiki>iron.reserves</nowiki>
|<nowiki>84 billion tonnes</nowiki>
|<nowiki>Global mineral reserves of iron metal</nowiki>
|<nowiki>Source: USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2021</nowiki>
}}
{{calc
|iron.reserves / scale
|grams per kWh
}}
 
{{dp
|<nowiki>lead.reserves</nowiki>
|<nowiki>90.4 million tonnes</nowiki>
|<nowiki>Lead (metal): Global mineral reserves</nowiki>
|<nowiki>https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/our-natural-resources/minerals-mining/minerals-metals-facts/lead-facts/20518</nowiki>
}}
{{calc
|lead.reserves / scale
|grams per kWh
}}
 
{{dp
|<nowiki>lithium.reserves</nowiki>
|<nowiki>18425000 tonnes</nowiki>
|<nowiki>Lithium metal: Total global mineral reserves</nowiki>
|<nowiki>https://www.statista.com/statistics/268790/countries-with-the-largest-lithium-reserves-worldwide/</nowiki><br /><nowiki>
Added up all the countries: 9,200,000 + 4,700,000 + 1,900,000 + 1,500,000 + 750,000 + 220,000 + 95,000 + 60,000 = 18,425,000 metric tons</nowiki>
}}
{{calc
|lithium.reserves / scale
|grams per kWh
}}
 
{{dp
|<nowiki>nickel.reserves</nowiki>
|<nowiki>94 million tons</nowiki>
|<nowiki>Global reserves of nickel metal</nowiki>
|<nowiki>Source: USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2021</nowiki>
}}
{{calc
|nickel.reserves / scale
|grams per kWh
}}
 
{{dp
|<nowiki>silver.reserves</nowiki>
|<nowiki>500000 tonnes</nowiki>
|<nowiki>Global mineral reserves of silver metal</nowiki>
|<nowiki>https://www.statista.com/statistics/1114842/global-silver-reserves/</nowiki>
}}
{{calc
|silver.reserves / scale
|grams per kWh
}}
 
{{dp
|<nowiki>zinc.reserves</nowiki>
|<nowiki>210 million tonnes</nowiki>
|<nowiki>Global reserves of zinc metal</nowiki>
|<nowiki>USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2023</nowiki>
}}
{{calc
|zinc.reserves / scale
|grams per kWh
}}
 
Note: This is not a ''full'' list of minerals.
 
<small>If you're designing a battery, consider the limit for any minerals in the battery. It can be calculated the same way as the above examples.</small>


====Energy and labor====
====Energy and labor====
For simplicity sake{{x|and due to lack of data}}, we just have to assume (for now) that any tech that stays within ''mineral'' limits{{x|as talked about above}} won't need an outrageous amount of energy or labor to produce. Manufacturing & recycling probably doesn't vary quite as much as mining does{{x|the energy & labor of mining depends heavily on which mineral is being mined, how rare it is}}.
For simplicity sake{{x|and due to lack of data}}, we just have to assume (for now) that any tech that stays within ''mineral'' limits{{x|as talked about above}} won't need an outrageous amount of energy or labor to produce. Manufacturing & recycling probably doesn't vary quite as much as mining does{{x|the energy & labor of mining depends heavily on ''which'' mineral is being mined / how scarce it is}}.
Ultimately we do need to assess the [[EROI of energy storage]].
Ultimately we do need to assess the [[EROI of energy storage]].


Line 51: Line 159:
For X, we choose to go with "the amount of batteries that would be needed if all vehicles were electric"
For X, we choose to go with "the amount of batteries that would be needed if all vehicles were electric"
-->
-->
[[Category:Energy storage]]