Archive:000/Minerals/table: Difference between revisions

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|{{p|<q>Production and reserves are associated with the recovery of monazite in heavy-mineral-sand deposits. Without demand for the rare earths, monazite likely would not be recovered for its thorium content under current market conditions.</q>}}
|{{p|<q>Production and reserves are associated with the recovery of monazite in heavy-mineral-sand deposits. Without demand for the rare earths, monazite likely would not be recovered for its thorium content under current market conditions.</q>}}
|6,400,000
|6,400,000
|{{p|Additional thorium resources could maybe be obtained from ordinary dirt, but we don't know if this would really be [[Term:viable|viable]] or not: The labor/energy/land intensity is still unknown.{{rn}} Average soil concentration of thorium is (6 ppm).<ref>Toxicological Profile for Thorium - https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp147-c5.pdf</ref>}}
|{{p|Additional thorium resources could maybe be obtained from ordinary dirt, but we don't know yet whether this would really be [[Term:viable|viable]]: The labor/energy/land intensity of this option is still unknown.{{rn}} Average soil concentration of thorium is (6 ppm).<ref>Toxicological Profile for Thorium - https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp147-c5.pdf</ref>}}
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|Uranium (U)
|Uranium (U)
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|<ref>Uranium 2020: Resources, Production and Demand ('Red Book') <q>The total recoverable identified resources to $260/kg U is 8.070 million tonnes U.</q></ref> : 8,070,000
|<ref>Uranium 2020: Resources, Production and Demand ('Red Book') <q>The total recoverable identified resources to $260/kg U is 8.070 million tonnes U.</q></ref> : 8,070,000
|{{p|The energy ''density'' of uranium is much higher, at 574699 GJ/tonne for conventional nuclear reactors, and 82099829 GJ/tonne as a theoretical maximum for [[breeder reactors]].<br /><br />Uranium occurs in nature as a mix of two isotopes: U235 (0.7%) and U238 (99.3%). Conventional nuclear reactors can only make use of the U235 component.}}
|{{p|Uranium offers a lot more [[energy]] than it takes to mine it. The energy ''density'' of uranium is 574699 GJ/tonne for conventional nuclear reactors, and 82099829 GJ/tonne as a theoretical maximum for [[breeder reactors]].<br /><br />Uranium occurs in nature as a mix of two isotopes: U235 (0.7%) and U238 (99.3%). Conventional nuclear reactors can only make use of the U235 component.}}
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Revision as of 03:36, 22 February 2023

Mining Recycling
Mineral Labor
intensity[1]
(hours/tonne) 		Energy
intensity
(GJ/tonne) 		Land
intensity
(m2/tonne) 		Global
production[2]
(tonnes/year) 		Global
reserves[2]
(tonnes) 		Global
resources[2]
(tonnes) 		Note Labor
intensity
(hours/tonne) 		Energy
intensity
(GJ/tonne) 		Global
production[2]
(tonnes/year) 		Global
presence
(tonnes)
Aluminium (Al) 200 [3] : 61 69,000,000  : 16,000,000,000
Cement 4,100,000,000
Chromium (Cr) 41,000,000 560,000,000
Cobalt (Co) [4] : 4,094 190,000 8,300,000 25,000,000 [5]
Copper (Cu) 757 [6] : 12 22,000,000 890,000,000  : 3,000,000,000
Gold (Au) 4,935,542 3,100 52,000  : 33,000
Graphite (C) 1,300,000 330,000,000 800,000,000
Iron (Fe) 50 [7] : 20 1,600,000,000 85,000,000,000 230,000,000,000
Lead (Pb) 168 4,500,000 85,000,000 2,000,000,000
Lithium (Li) 5,724 130,000 26,000,000 98,000,000
Nickel (Ni) 2,189 3,300,000 100,000,000 300,000,000
Oil 48 [8] : 5,064,140,000 [8] : 235,838,240,000
PGMs  : 3,237,432 400 70,000 100,000
Salt (NaCl) 290,000,000
Sand 380,000,000
Silver (Ag) 58,236 26,000 550,000
Thorium (Th) 6,400,000
Uranium (U) 9,517 [10] : 8,070,000
  1. ↑ Estimated from the market prices of minerals (unless otherwise specified) (www.dailymetalprice.com - Feb 17, 2023 - although ideally it would be better to use prices averaged over a year or two), using very simplified assumptions: global average wages of $4/hour; wages account for 1/3 of the mineral's market price. These assumptions are far from perfect, so if you know of more accurate data on the labor-intensity of any mineral, please post it in the and we can fit it in the table.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Mineral Commodity Summaries 2023: U.S. Geological Survey, ISSN: 0076-8952 (print), https://doi.org/10.3133/mcs2023 - https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2023/mcs2023.pdf
  3. ↑ Aluminum Production - an overview - ScienceDirect Topics - www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/aluminum-production
  4. ↑ Estimated as follows:
    congo.cobalt_miners
    255000
    Number of people working in cobalt mines in the Congo
    The DRC Mining Industry: Child Labor and Formalization of ...
    Of the 255,000 Congolese mining for cobalt, 40,000 are children, some as young as six years.
    congo.cobalt_production
    130000 tonnes/year
    Amount of cobalt produced from mining in the Congo
    Mineral Commodity Summaries 2023
    full_time
    40 hours/week
    Due to lack of better data, we just have to we assume that the average miner works this many hours. Some maybe work more, some maybe work less.

    congo.cobalt_miners * full_time / congo.cobalt_productionhours/tonne(calculation loading) The Democratic Republic of Congo produces most of the world's cobalt, so it's reasonable to use this country for the calculation.

  5. ↑ Life cycle assessment of cobalt extraction process - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsm.2019.03.002 - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2300396018301836
  6. ↑ Energy efficiency - Energy intensity in copper and gold mining - https://www.at-minerals.com/en/artikel/at_-3001684.html
  7. ↑ Material and energy flows of the iron and steel industry - ScienceDirect - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030626192030458X
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Feb 17, 2023 - World Oil Statistics - Worldometer - https://www.worldometers.info/oil/
  9. ↑ Toxicological Profile for Thorium - https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp147-c5.pdf
  10. ↑ Uranium 2020: Resources, Production and Demand ('Red Book') The total recoverable identified resources to $260/kg U is 8.070 million tonnes U.
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