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|
Mining
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|
Recycling
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| Mineral
|
Labor
intensity
(hours/tonne)
|
Energy
intensity
(GJ/tonne)
|
Land
intensity
(m2/tonne)
|
Global
production
(tonnes/year)
|
Global
reserves
(tonnes)
|
Global
resources
(tonnes)
|
Note
|
Labor
intensity
(hours/tonne)
|
Energy
intensity
(GJ/tonne)
|
Global
production
(tonnes/year)
|
Global
presenceiDefined as: The total amount ever mined to date. This could theoretically be seen as a "resource" to eventually recycle.
(tonnes)
|
| Aluminium (Al)
|
|
|
|
69,000,000 [1]
|
|
iGlobal resources of bauxite are estimated to be between 55 billion and 75 billion (metric) tons and are sufficient to meet world demand for metal well into the future. ... As a general rule, 4 tons of dried bauxite is required to produce 2 tons of alumina, which, in turn, can be used to produce 1 ton of aluminum. 16,000,000,000 [1]
|
|
|
|
iIn 2022, aluminum recovered from purchased scrap in the United States was about 3.4 million tons, of which about 56% came from new (manufacturing) scrap and 44% from old scrap (discarded aluminum products). Aluminum recovered from old scrap was equivalent to about 29% of apparent consumption.[1]
|
|
| Cement
|
|
|
|
4,100,000,000 [1]
|
|
|
|
| Chromium (Cr)
|
|
|
|
41,000,000 [1]
|
560,000,000 [1]
|
|
|
| Cobalt (Co)
|
|
|
|
190,000 [1]
|
8,300,000 [1]
|
25,000,000 [1]
|
|
| Copper (Cu)
|
|
|
|
22,000,000 [1]
|
890,000,000 [1]
|
iA U.S. Geological Survey study of global copper deposits indicated that, as of 2015, identified resources contained 2.1 billion tons of copper, and undiscovered resources contained an estimated 3.5 billion tons. 3,000,000,000 [1]
|
|
| Gold (Au)
|
|
|
|
3,100 [1]
|
52,000 [1]
|
i15,000 discovered + 18,000 undiscovered 33,000 [1]
|
|
| Graphite (C)
|
|
|
|
1,300,000 [1]
|
330,000,000 [1]
|
800,000,000 [1]
|
|
| Iron (Fe)
|
|
|
|
1,300,000,000 [1]
|
|
|
|
| Lead (Pb)
|
| Lithium (Li)
|
| Nickel (Ni)
|
| PGMs iPlatinum-group metals (Pt, Pd, Rh, Ir, Ru, Os)
|
| Sand
|
| Silver (Ag)
|
| Thorium (Th)
|
| Uranium (U)
|
|
|
|
|
|
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iThe energy density of uranium is much higher, at 574699 GJ/tonne for conventional nuclear reactors, and 82099829 GJ/tonne as a theoretical maximum for breeder reactors.
Uranium occurs in nature as a mix of two isotopes: U235 (0.7%) and U238 (99.3%). Conventional nuclear reactors can only make use of the U235 component.
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