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====Battery electric vehicles==== | ====Battery electric vehicles==== | ||
* [[?|NMC-type lithium-ion batteries]] | * Most EVs today use [[?|NMC-type lithium-ion batteries]] - but [[?|scaling these up is unsustainable]] due to the amount of '''cobalt''' in them. | ||
* [[?|LFP | * [[?|LFP batteries]] are cobalt-free, but hold somewhat less of a charge (i.e. the vehicle gets less range). LFP batteries are still lithium-based, and lithium scarcity [[?|would be somewhat a problem]] but not as bad as cobalt. | ||
* [[?|Sodium-ion batteries]] are made from abundant materials - they don't have any mineral-scarcity problem ([[?|probably]]). But they hold even less of a charge than LFP. [[?|Sodium-ion EVs]] are still usable, but their range isn't great.{{qn}} [[Cheap short-range EVs/Market research|Might still be good enough]] for a lot of people, [[Sodium-ion batteries/Cost|if the EV is cheap enough]]. | * [[?|Sodium-ion batteries]] are made from abundant materials - they don't have any mineral-scarcity problem ([[?|probably]]). But they hold even less of a charge than LFP. [[?|Sodium-ion EVs]] are still usable, but their range isn't great.{{qn}} [[Cheap short-range EVs/Market research|Might still be good enough]] for a lot of people, [[Sodium-ion batteries/Cost|if the EV is cheap enough]]. | ||
* For buses, LFP and sodium-ion are perfectly fine. The lower energy-density is not a problem, because buses need extra weight at the bottom anyway for stability. <!-- explain better? --> | * For '''buses''', LFP and sodium-ion are both perfectly fine. The lower energy-density is not a problem, because buses need extra weight at the bottom anyway for stability. <!-- explain better? --> | ||
Actions/discussions: | Actions/discussions: | ||
* [[?|Next steps for sodium-ion batteries]] | * [[?|Next steps for sodium-ion batteries]] {{talk|Is it true that sodium-ion EVs are available in China already, and just not in North America? If sodium-ion batteries are on the market now, how does their cost compare to lithium-based batteries so far?}} | ||
* [[?|How well are EV batteries recycled?]] | * [[?|How well are EV batteries recycled?]] | ||
====Hydrogen- | ====Hydrogen-fueled vehicles==== | ||
* Hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles would be unsustainable to scale up, because of the [[amount of platinum & palladium in the fuel cells]]. {{talk|This page needs to mention: Hydrogen ''production'' also requires these same metals but it [[ | * Hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles would be unsustainable to scale up, because of the [[?|amount of platinum & palladium in the fuel cells]]. {{talk|This page needs to mention: Hydrogen ''production'' also requires these same metals but it [[?|can be done with much less of them]] and thus could probably be done sustainably.}} | ||
* Hydrogen combustion vehicles don't have this problem, but their fuel economy (efficiency) is lower.{{qn}} {{talk|How bad would this be an issue if renewables or nuclear were to be the main energy sources?}} {{talk|Discussion needed: How much hydrogen would have to be stored at any given time, in such a scenario (let's say if it's all produced through nuclear power)? Probably a lot less than the "renewables + energy storage" approach. I need to write a page explaining why.}} | * Hydrogen combustion vehicles don't have this problem, but their fuel economy (efficiency) is lower.{{qn}} {{talk|How bad would this be an issue if renewables or nuclear were to be the main energy sources?}} {{talk|Discussion needed: How much hydrogen would have to be stored at any given time, in such a scenario (let's say if it's all produced through nuclear power)? Probably a lot less than the "renewables + energy storage" approach. I need to write a page explaining why.}} | ||
====Ammonia-fueled vehicles==== | |||
This wiki needs more research on this: | |||
{{pn-block| | |||
How does ammonia compare to hydrogen in terms of: | |||
* Production energy-efficiency | |||
* Fuel cell energy-efficiency | |||
* Catalyst metals required for ammonia production and for fuel cells | |||
* Storage (materials required per unit of energy) | |||
}} | |||
==More / See also== | ==More / See also== | ||
{{empty}} | {{empty}} | ||